Pakistan Brain Drain: Why This Country Has Become the Graveyard of Its Own Remittancers

An overseas Pakistani's case against celebrating the very thing that measures the state's failure

By Asad Baig • Written from outside Pakistan • May 2026 • Approx. 27-min read

I want to start with what I have actually seen, not what I have read about. Eight years outside Pakistan. Eight Eids on a video call. Eight years of watching the brain drain happen to my own family, my friends, my community.

I have watched the State Bank celebrate remittance numbers like an achievement. I have watched the Army Chief call this catastrophe a "brain gain." I have watched 3am departure lounges full of crying parents. And I watched what those things meant, in the same week, in the same airport.

This is what I want to say.

What is Pakistan's brain drain?

Pakistan's brain drain is the structural emigration of skilled and unskilled workers driven by economic collapse, political instability, and a state that has chosen to export its people instead of building a country worth staying in. In 2025 alone, 762,499 Pakistanis registered to leave for overseas work. The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics now ranks Pakistan 6th globally for human capital migration. The Express Tribune labelled 2025 the year Pakistan formally became a "Brain Drain Economy."

That is not a slogan. That is the economic identity the state has settled into.

The headline numbers the state writes itself, then celebrates

Year	Pakistanis registered for overseas work
2023	862,625
2024	727,381
2025	762,499
2023 to August 2025 cumulative	2,041,147+

That is roughly 2,300 Pakistanis leaving every single day. Between 2022 and 2023, the emigration of highly qualified professionals surged by 26.6 percent.

In 2024 to 2025 alone: ~5,000 doctors left, ~11,000 engineers left, ~13,000 accountants left. Nurse emigration grew 2,144 percent between 2011 and 2024.

Read that line again. The state subsidises a doctor's training for ten years, and four out of five of those doctors are gone within five years of putting on the white coat.

The diaspora is now around 9 million people. Saudi Arabia 2.64 million. UAE 1.5 million. Other Gulf 1.5 million. UK 1.5 million. US 700,000. Canada 350,000+. Australia 150,000. EU 200,000. Of those 9 million, 400,000 to 500,000 are highly skilled professionals , a workforce equivalent to TSMC, the most valuable semiconductor company in the world.

This is the country the State Bank is celebrating each month for sending dollars home.

What the government will not see

The counter-question I always hear is: but people want to go outside themselves. Yes, they do. But why? And at what cost?

What is there outside? Freedom, infrastructure, quality of life, a traffic light that works, a passport that opens doors. But at cost of what? Pakistani people are emotional compared to other world. Leaving their parents, wives and children is not so easy for anyone.

I saw people crying in departure lounge in the airport. I have spend 8 years outside the Pakistan. I see people of Eid in foreign countries , or any other festival , the video call to their home is the total celebration.

You can counter me. You can say they enjoy life maybe in parties or trips. But my thinking point is: are they really partying or just trying not to think hard about home back in Pakistan?

Not only they suffer. Their families suffer too. Yes, they get money on time better than Pakistan, but at what cost? A boy is outside and old parents at home , in festival day or normal days they need him but can't tell him. A wife stay back in Pakistan, at what cost? And children without father, how much they feel and cry on airports?

For me, generalising and lying on foreign Pakistani is very easy, and especially assuming things about their character. But the pain they endure, and their families endure, has no reward.

Imagine you are a 38-year-old electrician from Gujranwala. Your daughter was three when you left for Riyadh. You have seen her grow up through a phone screen. Every two years you come home for thirty days. Then back. The remittance the State Bank reports each month is your daughter's childhood, converted to dollars.

Third-class citizens, and what Pakistan becomes for them

Here is the part nobody at the press conference discusses. Pakistanis abroad are not first-class citizens of anywhere.

They are also considered third grade citizen in foreign countries. No matter how much time they spend, not all of those countries and culture accept them as their own. Or if they died outside, they don't keep their bodies , they send it back. Because Pakistan is graveyard of remittancers.

Pakistan is the graveyard of the remittancers.

Read that line one more time, because it is the whole story in one sentence. The country could not give them a life. It only welcomes them in death.

The Gulf does not want their corpses. The West sometimes accepts the body but the family wants the burial in the village near the grandparents. So home becomes the destination of last resort. Not for living. For dying.

Pakistan repatriates around 25,000 bodies a year from the Gulf alone. Most of these men left Pakistan healthy and young. Between 2010 and 2020, more than 6,500 migrant workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka died in Qatar alone, according to a 2021 Guardian investigation that used embassy data. Most were classified as "natural causes" or "cardiac arrest" , language designed to hide heat-stroke deaths from working in 50°C summers without water breaks.

The flight from Riyadh to Karachi most nights carries three or four caskets in the cargo hold. The remittance figure for that month rises by whatever amount the dead man's last paycheque contributed.

The government's real job

A government has two jobs, not one. The first is the economy and infrastructure. The second is to look after the emotions and dignity of its people. Pakistan's government has failed at both.

The government job is not to look economy or remittance only , it is also to look people's emotions. But unfortunately Pakistani government neither have economy in their priority because they are so incapable to understand. Since all good people they have send outside, or keep sending, and with rest of them they are making government and system. And emotional part , government never thinks. They will be laughing if reading this. What emotions, they might say, go ask them how people are happy that their son is outside. Government all eyes on remittance and they want magic to happen , that this remittance increase over the night. And at what cost? They don't know or don't care.

That sentence , they want magic to happen , is the entire economic philosophy of Pakistan's ruling class in one line. They are not running a development strategy. They are running a magic show.

The part about all good people they have sent outside , that is what political scientists call adverse selection. The system filters out the people who could fix it and keeps the people who profit from its brokenness.

This is not my interpretation. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung researchers documented in March 2025 that "policymakers in the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development reported there were no policies in place to inhibit the outflow of highly skilled workers." On the record. In Policy Brief No. 15.

In January 2025, Minister for Overseas Pakistanis Chaudhry Salik Hussain told Arab News: "Islamabad is focused on increasing the number of skilled workers heading to Saudi Arabia." Not retaining. Not creating jobs at home. Increasing the outflow.

In April 2025, Pakistan Army Chief General Asim Munir stood at the inaugural Overseas Pakistanis Convention in Islamabad and called the brain drain "brain gain," framing expatriate citizens as "informal ambassadors strengthening Pakistan's global footprint."

The Ministry whose name contains the word "Overseas Pakistanis" told a German think tank, on the record, that the state has no policy to keep its trained doctors and engineers at home. Not "we are working on one." Not "we are studying it." None.

The celebration that should be a funeral

Government even celebrate the growing number of remittance. How ashamed.

This is the genius of the system. The state celebrates the very thing that measures its failure. Record remittances are headlines, not emergencies. Mainstream media , captured by government advertising, owned by business families with their own interests, pressured by the establishment , repeats the celebration without ever asking the obvious question: why are this many Pakistanis choosing to leave?

Then there is the cruelest dimension: the people who stayed. Pakistani parents praise the cousin in Canada. Schools celebrate the students who got into foreign universities. TV dramas end with the visa coming through.

Success has been redefined as departure. Staying has been redefined as failure.

Maldives Insight, in a widely cited December 2025 report, concluded: "When a problem is rebranded rather than confronted, policy stagnates and accountability dissolves. Pakistan's talent outflow is not an abstract economic trend; it is a cumulative verdict delivered by its professionals through their choices."

How the state treats its own citizens abroad

Even after taking the dollars, the state cannot bring itself to actually serve the people who send them.

The sad part is, neither the people left behind, neither the people working outside , the government has no plans for them other than remittance and IMF loan. If Pakistani is earning remittance, at least provide them good care in embassies in outside. No, there as well they see them as criminals like general perspective. No support plan. No special taxes reduce. No investment feature. Just take their money, and then who are you? The ordinary green passport citizen.

That last line , who are you, the ordinary green passport citizen , captures something every overseas Pakistani has felt. You walk into a Pakistani embassy expecting it to feel like home. Instead you feel like you are begging at a window from people who consider the request itself a nuisance. Your money built the country's reserves last month. Today you are just a paperwork problem.

A peer-reviewed PMC study in 2023 documented this directly: "Interviewees commented on the Pakistan embassy in Qatar's 'unwillingness to help' to protect the rights of Pakistani migrants in the country, compared with embassies of other sending countries including Bangladesh and Nepal."

Bangladesh and Nepal. Smaller economies. Fewer resources. More willing to fight for their workers than Pakistan is. Read that twice.

What India built	What Pakistan has
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (since 2003)	First Overseas Pakistanis Convention held April 2025 , 22 years later
Madad Portal for grievances	Roshan Digital Account (2020) with limited adoption
Indian Workers Resource Centres in Riyadh, Sharjah, Doha	No equivalent labour attaché network
Vande Bharat Mission: 7 million Indians repatriated during COVID	Many overseas Pakistanis funded their own return
Operation Ganga: 22,500 evacuated from Ukraine	Smaller, slower response
Operation Kaveri: 4,000+ evacuated from Sudan	Limited operation
~$2.6 billion foreign affairs budget	~$135 million
~$81 spent per overseas citizen	~$15 per overseas citizen

India deploys a state. Pakistan deploys press releases.

When I said salaries, I mean what Pakistani workers get outside , most of the times it's less than Indian without any justification, or maybe just mindset about publicity Indian government did for their people. This is not my emotion, this is also experience.

And it is. Industry recruitment data shows Indians earn 15 to 35 percent more than Pakistanis for the same work in the Gulf. A Pakistani construction supervisor earns ~$1,400/month. An Indian one earns ~$1,800/month. Across a 25-year career, that gap is $120,000 per worker. Across millions of workers and decades, this is one of the largest invisible economic losses Pakistan suffers.

The Pakistani worker is not earning less in the Gulf because he is less skilled. He is earning less because the Pakistani state has not fought for him.

The country that built a bomb but cannot build itself

Look at the nuclear club:

Country	Nuclear power	GDP per capita 2024	Status
United States	Yes	$85,000	Developed superpower
Israel	Yes	$54,000	Developed
United Kingdom	Yes	$49,000	Developed
France	Yes	$44,000	Developed
Russia	Yes	$14,000	Major economy
China	Yes	$13,000	Rising superpower
India	Yes	$2,700	Rising power
Pakistan	Yes	~$1,500	IMF-dependent
North Korea	Yes	~$1,200	Failed totalitarian state

Pakistan is the only nuclear power country in the list. So sad.

We share the company of North Korea. Every other nuclear power is either fully developed or rising rapidly. And it is not because Pakistanis lack capability. Building a nuclear weapon is one of the hardest engineering and scientific feats a state can attempt. Pakistan did it under sanctions, with a fraction of India's resources, in a hostile geopolitical environment. The country that produced Dr. A.Q. Khan, Munir Ahmad Khan, Dr. Abdus Salam (Nobel laureate), and the Kahuta Research Laboratories team is not a country that lacks talent.

So why can Pakistan build a bomb but cannot keep its doctors? The answer is not capability. It never was. The state allocated its political will to nuclear weapons and military infrastructure. It did not allocate equivalent priority to universal healthcare, world-class research universities, industrial development, or retaining doctors and engineers. The talent that built the bomb in the 1980s is now flying to Toronto, Sydney, Dubai, and Frankfurt.

The bomb defends the territory. It cannot defend an economy being slowly drained, institutions being hollowed out, or a future being mortgaged to foreign labour markets.

Israel , surrounded by enemies, smaller population (10 million), fewer natural resources , built a tech and biotech economy producing 8x Pakistan's GDP per capita. Same nuclear status. Completely different priorities. South Korea , devastated after war, no resources, threatened by North Korea , chose education, R&D, and industry. Today wealthier than the United Kingdom.

Pakistan chose the bomb without the broader development project.

The dollars that disappear into concrete

Of every $100 sent home by a Pakistani worker:

Category	Share
Daily consumption	$40-50
Real estate / land / housing	$15-25
Education fees	$8-12
Healthcare	$5-8
Wedding / social ceremonies	$5-10
Debt repayment	$5-10
Savings / financial investment	$3-7
Productive business investment	<$5

Less than $5 of every $100 sent home becomes productive investment. Over $70 gets consumed or absorbed by inflated real estate. The dollars come in. The dollars disappear into a property bubble that prices working Pakistanis out of their own cities.

A 5-marla in Bahria Town Lahore costs PKR 21.6 million ($77,000). Pakistan's median monthly salary is $254. That is 25 years of median salary for a small starter house. The United States, much richer, takes 5 to 7 years. India's major cities, 10 to 15. Bangladesh, 7 to 10.

Pakistan has worse housing affordability than the United States. Not because Pakistanis are unusually poor. Because the dollars meant for the country have been channelled into rent-extraction projects controlled by the same elite that runs the country. The Pakistan Supreme Court approved a PKR 460 billion (~$3 billion) settlement with Bahria Town Karachi in 2019 after ruling thousands of acres had been illegally acquired. The company continues to operate and expand.

What Pakistan should actually do

I have thought about this. I am not just here to complain. Here is what I think Pakistan should actually do, in my own words.

What is the solution in my eyes is , immediately Pakistan should target the industries that have good future, maybe semiconductor, biogas or any other similar industry. Bring the investment on that, and ask people associated to this industry in outside to come back. Offer them no tax or less tax. Offer them land or free education for their children. Promise them guarantee rule in law. If they don't believe them, bring it , and contract with third party guarantee. Run that industries, increase export instead of remittance. They will still have the dollars. This might think it's silly, but what I mean to say is that they should work in export oriented policy instead of brain drain , make Real Brain Gain.

Increase export, bring people back, then with export money build infrastructure. Since it's so mess, they should make one department guaranteed by Pak Army maybe, because government is keep changing here Pakistan and new government don't respect the old contracts. Many people came back to Pakistan in Imran Khan time, he claims, but of course what happen with them is another story I don't want to scratch that. But one dedicated department with yearly target.

It is not silly. It is the playbook every successful late-developer used:

Country	Strategy	Result
South Korea	Industry, R&D, brought talent home	$158 GDP/capita (1960) → ~$36,000 (2024)
Taiwan	Hsinchu Park; semiconductors via TSMC	Poor → ~$33,000
Singapore	Imports skilled workers	Port city → ~$84,000
China	Thousand Talents Program (7,000+ scientists returned)	$200 (1980) → ~$13,000+
Vietnam	FDI manufacturing	Devastated (1986) → fast-growing
Ireland	Tech and pharma reversal of emigration	Poor (1990) → among Europe's richest
Pakistan	Labor export	, → ~$1,500

The third-party guarantee idea is the most sophisticated piece. The trust deficit is real. Diaspora Pakistanis have watched contracts broken, people prosecuted after political change, foreign investors burned. So promising "rule of law" alone is not credible. The diaspora has heard that promise before.

The credible signal is rule of law that does NOT depend on Pakistan's domestic enforcement.

Four mechanisms make this real:

1. International Arbitration , ICSID (World Bank), London Court of International Arbitration, or Singapore International Arbitration Centre. If Pakistan violates the contract, foreign courts can seize Pakistani assets abroad.
2. World Bank/IFC Guarantees , MIGA insures private investors against breach of contract, expropriation, currency inconvertibility.
3. Bilateral Investment Treaties , Strengthened treaties with US, UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, UAE.
4. Special Economic Zone with foreign-court jurisdiction , Like Dubai International Financial Centre. English common law applies inside the zone. International arbitration is the default.

I propose calling the dedicated agency PIDDEA , the Pakistan Industrial Development & Diaspora Engagement Authority. Joint board: military, civilian, diaspora technocrats. 20-year mandate insulated from electoral changes. International audit by Big 4 firms. World Bank/IFC observer status. Diaspora seats on the board. Public yearly targets. Sunset clauses if KPIs not met.

Pick three industries to start:

Industry	Current	10-year potential
IT services & software	$3.5B	$25-30B
Pharmaceuticals	$3B industry	$15-20B exports
Renewable energy components	Minimal	$10-15B

Five phases over thirty years:

• Phase 1 (Years 1-2) , Foundations. Create PIDDEA. Pick three industries. One Special Economic Zone with international-court jurisdiction. Sign expanded BITs. End all internet restrictions immediately.
• Phase 2 (Years 3-5) , Diaspora mobilisation. "Pakistan Calling" program. Tax-free returnee status for 10 years. Relocation grants $50,000 to $100,000. International school education for children. Diaspora Bonds with World Bank/MIGA backing.
• Phase 3 (Years 5-10) , Building capacity. Skills training aligned with target industries. University partnerships with returning faculty. R&D tax credits. Embassy reform with KPIs.
• Phase 4 (Years 10-20) , Compounding. Returnees train next generation. Domestic graduates have local opportunities. Brain drain stops being attractive. Industries reach scale.
• Phase 5 (Years 20-30) , Transformation. Per capita GDP doubles or triples. Remittance dependency drops below 5 percent of GDP. Pakistan negotiates from strength.

The plan is realistic. The talent exists (400,000 to 500,000 highly skilled diaspora professionals). The capital exists ($300 to $500 billion in total overseas Pakistani wealth). The precedents exist. The math works.

The barrier is political. The current elite benefits from the broken system. Reforming it requires either visionary leadership willing to spend political capital, an external shock that forces change, or a generational political shift.

Why I still believe in Pakistan

I have been hard on the country. People will read this and say I am angry, that I have given up, that I am no longer Pakistani at heart. They are wrong.

If I had given up, I would not write any of this. I would just send my dollars and stay quiet like the state wants me to. The very fact that I am thinking, criticising, proposing , that is love. Not the love that ignores faults. The love that names them clearly because the alternative is watching the country die.

I know overseas Pakistanis are not angels. We complain about Pakistan from the comfort of foreign cities. Sometimes we forget what staying actually costs. But the majority of us would come back tomorrow if Pakistan offered us a real life. Real salaries. Real infrastructure. Real safety. Real rule of law. Real dignity at the embassy window.

We are not asking for paradise. We are asking for what every functioning country offers its citizens.

If A.Q. Khan and his team could build a nuclear weapon for Pakistan, then together , all of us, the diaspora and those still at home , can build ten times the Pakistan we have now. The talent is real. The capability is real. The capital is real. The math works. Only the political will is missing.

In closing

Pakistan is not finished. The graveyard of the remittancers is what Pakistan currently is. It is not what Pakistan has to be.

The dollars are real. The talent is real. The capability is real. What is missing is the decision to use them for the country instead of for the elite.

That decision will come. It always comes, eventually. The question is just whether it comes in my lifetime, my children's, or my grandchildren's. Every year of delay is another departure lounge full of crying parents. Every year of delay is another body returning home in a coffin. Every year of delay is another doctor who will not be there when our parents need them.

I am not patient anymore. I have spent eight years watching this. So has every other overseas Pakistani. We are tired of being told to send our dollars and shut up about how the country is being run. We will not shut up. The dollars belong to us. The country belongs to us. And the future, when it finally comes, will be built by the people who refused to look away.

, Asad Baig, written from outside Pakistan, May 2026

Frequently asked questions

What is Pakistan's brain drain? Pakistan's brain drain is the structural emigration of skilled and unskilled workers, with 762,499 people registered to leave for overseas work in 2025 alone. The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics ranks Pakistan 6th globally for human capital migration. The Express Tribune labelled 2025 the year Pakistan formally became a "Brain Drain Economy."

Why is Pakistan called the graveyard of remittancers? Because the country could not give its overseas workers a life and only welcomes them back in death. Pakistan repatriates around 25,000 bodies a year from the Gulf alone, mostly men who left healthy and young. The remittance economy survives on the labour of people who often return home only as corpses.

How many Pakistanis leave Pakistan each year? Around 762,499 Pakistanis registered for overseas work in 2025 through the Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment. That is roughly 2,300 people leaving every single day. Between 2023 and August 2025, the cumulative figure exceeded 2,041,000.

How much does Pakistan receive in remittances? Pakistan received approximately $38.5 billion in formal remittances in fiscal year 2024-25. In March 2025 alone, remittances hit a record $4.1 billion. Including informal hawala channels, the actual flow could be 30 to 50 percent higher, putting it closer to $50-60 billion.

Why do Pakistani workers earn less than Indians in the Gulf? Gulf labour markets price workers by passport, not skill. Indians earn 15 to 35 percent more than Pakistanis for the same work because India has bilateral labour agreements with wage floors, dedicated Indian Workers Resource Centres in Gulf cities, and strong national branding. Pakistan has none of these at scale.

What is Pakistan's Real Brain Gain plan? A diaspora-return strategy modelled on what South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Vietnam, Ireland, and Israel actually did. Pick high-value industries (IT, pharma, renewable energy components). Bring the diaspora back with tax holidays, relocation grants, and international school education for children. Guarantee rule of law via international arbitration and a foreign-court-jurisdiction Special Economic Zone. Run it through a dedicated 20-year agency (PIDDEA) insulated from electoral changes.

Can Pakistan reverse its brain drain? Yes, but not without political will. Every successful late-developer has done it: Taiwan's Hsinchu Park brought back 40 percent of senior engineers by 2000 and built TSMC. China's Thousand Talents Program returned 7,000+ senior scientists. Ireland's tech and pharma boom reversed decades of emigration. The talent, capital, and precedents all exist. The barrier is political, not technical.

Why does the Pakistani government celebrate remittance numbers? Because remittances are the only macroeconomic indicator the government can claim credit for without having built anything. Record remittances make headlines and stabilise the rupee. They also mask institutional decay, hollow out the labour force, and concentrate wealth in real estate. The celebration is a coping mechanism, not a development strategy.

What is the biggest risk if Pakistan does nothing? Pakistan becomes the next Philippines. Fifty years of state-run labour export, $33 billion in annual remittances, 10 percent of the population working abroad, and still lower-middle-income with hollowed-out healthcare and education at home. The Philippines literally institutionalised what Pakistan is now doing, and 50 years later has nothing to show for it except dependency.

Sources and notes

• Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment (BEOE), Government of Pakistan , Annual Migration Reports 2023, 2024, 2025
• Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) , Brain Drain Economy report cited in The Express Tribune, July 2025
• "Brain drain of healthcare professionals from Pakistan from 1971 to 2022," PMC (PubMed Central), 2023
• "Protecting and promoting the rights of the 'reserve army of labour'," PMC, 2023
• Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Gulf Migration Research Program, Policy Brief No. 15, March 2025
• World Bank , Migration and Development Briefs; Personal remittances data
• IMF , 2024 Article IV Consultation report on Pakistan
• State Bank of Pakistan , Remittance and reserves data, FY 2024-25
• Pakistan Bureau of Statistics , 2023 Census; Labour Force Survey 2020-21
• Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) , Medical education and registration data
• Saluja et al. (2020) , "Mortality cost of physician migration from low/middle-income countries"
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) , Yearbook 2024 nuclear stockpile estimates
• Federation of American Scientists , Nuclear weapon estimates
• The Express Tribune , "Brain Drain Economy" coverage 2025
• The News Pakistan , "How brain drain creates human capital crisis," December 21, 2025
• Pakistan Observer , "Over 762,000 Pakistanis go abroad," January 10, 2026
• Profit by Pakistan Today , Multiple reports on emigration and remittances 2025
• Arab News , Minister Salik Hussain remarks on Saudi Arabia migration, April 23, 2025
• The Guardian , Qatar World Cup migrant deaths investigation, 2021
• Reuters and Maldives Insight , Brain drain reporting 2025-2026
• Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) , "Pakistan's military economy," August 2025
• Atlantic Council South Asia Center , "How South Asian countries can protect their migrant workers abroad," 2022
• Human Rights Watch , Pakistan Migration reports
• Amnesty International , Migrant worker abuse documentation
• ICIJ , Panama Papers, Paradise Papers, Pandora Papers, Dubai Unlocked
• Ayesha Siddiqa , "Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan's Military Economy" (2017)
• Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson , "Why Nations Fail" (2012)

Related reading

• The Human Cost of Pakistan's Brain Drain: Families, Funerals, and the 25,000 Bodies a Year
• Why Pakistan's Remittance Economy Is a Development Trap
• Why Pakistani Workers Earn Less Than Indians for the Same Work in the Gulf
• The Real Brain Gain Plan: How Pakistan Can Bring Its Diaspora Home
• How Many Pakistani Bodies Are Repatriated From Saudi Arabia Each Year
• What Is the Kafala System and Why Pakistanis Suffer Under It
• Why 80% of Pakistani Doctors Leave Within Five Years of Graduation
• What Is the PIDDEA Proposal for Pakistan
• How South Korea, Taiwan, and Ireland Reversed Their Brain Drain

Thank you for reading.

, Asad Baig